3.0: HUMAN POPULATION
3.0: HUMAN POPULATION
3.1: Concept of population
Concepts from this
subtopic
a.
Define
the term population
b.
Describe
characteristics of human population
c.
Explain
the importance of studying population
Definition of human population
Human
population refers
to the number of people living in a certain area at a given period of time.
Characteristics of human population
(i)Population size
Refers to the number of people in a
particular area.
It may occur in a country, region,
ward, district and villages. For example, Tanzania population 2022 is about
63.59million.
(ii) Population distribution
Refers to how people spread out
across the earth’s surface. Some area is highly habited and some area are not
inhabited at all.
(iii) Population density
Refers to the number of people per
unit area. It usually noted per particular area in square kilometres. For example,
2012 population census in arid region population density was low as 50 people
per kilometres square and 3000 people per square kilometres in cities
(iv) Population structure
refers to composition of population as
determined proportional number of male and female in each age group
(v) It is subjected by problems. For example, Famine, drought and
wars.
(vi)
It differ in a level of development
Importance of studying population
(i)It helps government to determine number of skilled and
unskilled labour
(ii)It essential in planning for public service development.
For example, roads, and schools
(iii)It helps to know characteristics of human population.
For example, size, composition and structure.
(iv)It helps to control population growth
(v)It enables the government in provision of better
health services. For example, hospitals
(vi)It helps to know employed and unemployed people
through census
3.2: population distribution
Concept from this subtopic
q
To
describe factors governing human population and distribution
Human population distribution refers to the way people spread out
on the land.
Usually
human population is unevenly distribution (some area are living by people, some
area is sparse population and some area are not habited at all) because of
physical, social-economic, demographic and political factors.
Types of human population distribution
The
world population distribution can be categorised into three groups;
a.
Densely
populated areas
b.
Moderate
populated areas
c.
Sparsely
populated areas
(a) Densely populated area: These are area inhabited by
large number of people. For example, Dar es salaam, Arusha, Mwanza and Mbeya.
(b) Moderately populated areas: These areas are inhabited by a
moderate number of people. These areas have limited resources for example
Iringa, Tabora and Morogoro.
(c) Sparsely populated areas: These are areas which have fewer
people. Usually found in rural areas. These areas have fewer resources for
supporting inhabit of people. For example, Manyara, Singida, Pwani and Dodoma
Factors governing human population and distribution
no
single factors responsible for dense or sparse population. Those factors are
interrelating to each other collectively.
Physical
factors
(i) Climate
Area
with high rainfall influence high number of people to live in a particular area
while desert and semi desert areas have low or no population because of low
rainfall. The population is dense in area where rainfall is well distributed
and support agriculture activities for example northern highland of Tanzania
and coastal region. Region like singida and Dodoma are sparse populated because
of climatic problem
(ii)
Relief
Gentle
slope areas influence formation of fertile soil due to washing down materials
and also these areas support building construction and development of transport
and communication for example Dar es salaam that influence people to live those
areas. While high land has low temperature and difficult for building
construction that could not attract people to live those areas for example
mount urugulu in Morogoro
(iii)
Vegetation
Areas
with thick forests does not influence dense population due to inaccessible of
area for settlement establishment, also area with grass vegetation influence
better soil formation that gives chance for agriculture activities to take
place. These areas are inhabited by moderated people.
(iv)
Soil
Area
with a good fertile soil support establishment of settlement while area with
infertile soil discourage establishment of settlement that may lead to sparsely
population
(V)
Minerals resources
People
are attracted to establish settlement in mining centres. For example, Mirerani
(tanzanite) and Shinyanga (Gold).
(vi)Water
resources
People are always attracted to establish settlement
in area with water sources such as rivers, lake and ocean. For example in
Tanzania area populated by people are Coastal area like Tanga, Dar es salaam
and lake area like Mwanza and Kigoma
(vii)
Natural hazards
People are discouraged living in area affected by
natural hazards such as floods, volcanic eruption and earthquake.
(b)Biological
factors
(i)Pests and diseases
Area affected by pests and disease are mostly has
low number of population for example Dodoma are affected by eye problem.
(c)
Human factors
(i)Historical
factors
Some
of area have been affected by civil war that cause depopulation in those area,
and also labour reserve during colonial period influenced increase number of
people in area like Tanga, Tabora and Kilwa, while caused decrease of people in
region like Kigoma, meanwhile Kigoma region received refugees from Rwanda and
Burundi that increases the population
(ii)Political
factors
Area
with political stability influences increase of population for example Tanzania
while area with political instability lead to decrease number of people for
example Somalia, Congo and Burundi
(iii)Economic
factors
Area
with industry, trade, mining and services centres influences high population,
in Tanzania those areas like Dar es salaam, Mwanza, Mbeya and Arusha.
(iv)Social factors;
Such
as social services are education, health services, water, transportation and
electricity influences high number of people than area with no those social
services like rural areas
3.3: Population
change
Concepts
from this subtopic
a.
define
population change
b.
Explain
factors which influences population changes
c.
Explain
effects population change to an individual and nation
Population change is the decrease
or increase of population in a specific period of time. Increase or decrease
population can change by positive growth and negative growth.
The
main factors for population change;
I.Fertility
II.Mortality
III.Migration.
1. FERTILITY
Fertility refers to the ability to conceive
and produce a child.
Sub fertility is low level of fertility
Infertility refers to inability of woman to
conceive a child.
Child bearing age refers to the period whereby woman
conceive a child from 15- 49 years
There are several measures used in
fertility analysis
-
Crude
birth rate ( CBR)
-
General
fertility rate (GFR)
-
Child
woman ration (CWR)
(a) Crude birth rate is the number
of live births per thousand of the total population in a year.
CBR=
For example, if a mid-year population of
Tanzania in 2012 was 40,000,000 people with the total live births were 1,500,000
find CBR;
CBR=
=38
Therefore, the Crude birth rate is 38
Crude birth rate more than 30 is
considered high and less than 18 per 1000 people is considered high. Therefore
2012 Tanzania population seems to be high that needs government to spend much
in social service.
(b) General Fertility rate (GFR) Refers
to the proportion of children born alive per thousand women in the reproductive
period in a year.
GRF=
Assume the number of reproductive aged
women (15-49) in Tanzania was 2,700,000 in 2012 where as the number of live
births in the same year was 180,000. Find the GRF in Tanzania for 2012.
GRF=
= 67
Therefore, GRF is 67
(c) Child Woman Ratio Rate (CBR) is the
number of children 1-4 years per thousand women of child bearing (15-49)
Assume the number of children under
age 5 (1-5) in 2012 was 3 153 122 whereas the number of women of reproductive
age (15-49) was 3 771 496. Calculate the CWR for that period. CWR
= 836
Therefore, the CWR is 836. The
result shows that 836 under five children could be born per 1000 to women of
child bearing age. This high CWR arises because the CWR for least developed
countries is 710 relatives to developed countries whose CWR is below 300.
Hence, the higher the number of women of child bearing age, the more the under
five children are likely to be in a country
Mortality(Death) refers to the occurrence of deaths
in a population.
Mortality is measured as follows;
-Crude Death rate
-Infant Mortality rate (IMR)
-Child Mortality Rate
Crude Death Rate (CDR) is the
number of deaths per thousand of the total population in a specified geographic
area in a year.
CDR=
Take example as 40,000,000 for
total population and 1,000, 000 deaths in a year,
CDR=
Crude death rate = 25
Therefore, the CDR is 25. This
result shows that 25 deaths were likely to occur out of 1000 people in a given
year. This is a high crude death rate. It indicates that the government has to
spend more resources on health and nutrition services to reduce the death
rates.
Infant
Mortality Rate
(IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age (0-11 months of
age) per 1000 live births in a given year. Infants (children under one year of
age) are at high risk of death than any other age group.
It is obtained by using the following formula:
CDR=
Take example country X had 548,000
livebirths in 1992 and registered 74528. Find infant mortality rate
CDR=
=136
Therefore, the IMR is 136. The
result indicates that 136 infants under 1 year of age were likely to die out of
1000 live births. This is high IMR as compared to developed countries whose IMR
is below 10. It shows that the government has to invest more in maternal health
services.
Child Mortality Rate (CMR) is the
number of deaths of children (that is 1-4 years of age per 1000 children 1-4
years of age).
It is a sensitive indicator of the
health status of a community.
It is obtained by the following formula:
The number of under five deaths in
country D in 2010 was 74 528 while live births were 420,000. Calculate CMR
= 177
Therefore, the CMR is 177. The
result shows that 177 children were likely to die before reaching the age of
five. This implies that the government has to invest more in health, nutrition
and maternal services for children.
Life
expectancy Refers
to the average time for a person to live in a population
Migration
Migration
is the movement of
individuals or group of people from one place to another which involves
temporary or permanent changes of usual residence.
Migrant is a person who moves and crosses a
certain administrative boundary to another.
Migration affect the size of
population, age and sex structure and level of urbanization
Measure of migration is called Net
Migration Rate (NMR).
When number of migrant is negative
it means more people are leaving the country than people moving into it.
But if the population is positive
it means more people are moving into it than people leaving the country.
Take example there are 100,000
emigrants and 200,0000 immigrant and total population is 800,000 in 2010.
=125
Therefore, NMR is 125 that shows there is high
number of immigrants than emigrants.
Characteristics
of migration
i.
Migration
is selective in nature. Not all people move in area, under certain circumstance
people moves from one place to another, mostly males are likely to migrate than
girls.
ii.
Human
migration is two ways process. In one direction has its compensation movement
to opposite direction.
iii.
People
move to area with availability of opportunity.
iv.
Human
migration is inversely proportional to distance; It means increase of distance
the decrease of migration, people are likely to move from Iringa to Morogoro
than Iringa to Dar es salaam because of distance
Causes of Migration
Migration can be explained under
the push and pull factors
Push
factors these
are factors that encourage emigration (out migration) and discourage
immigration (In migration) for example poor social services, negative social
cultural practice, war, natural calamities, diseases, climatic change and
unemployment
Pull factors these are the factors that
encourage immigration (in migration) and discourage Emigration (out migration)
For example, Availability of social service, presence of peace and security,
availability of employment opportunities, Presence of recreation activities and
resorts, availability of conducive environment for investment, availability of
favorable climatic condition.
Causes
of migration/factors influencing migration
There
are many reasons why people choose to migrate. The following are some of them;
Pull and push factors for migration
1. Social factors; there are several social reasons
which influence migration such as
-Education
-Electricity
-Clean
and safe water supply
-Medical
services
-Entertainment.
2. Economic reasons; Creation of wealth. People
migrate to other countries with aim of making wealth quickly for example Tanzanians
move to South Africa for Employment opportunities. Also move to areas where
employment is possible for example rural to rural to work in plantations and
mines
Trade
of 17th and 18th
century is an example of forced migration (Involuntary).
3. Environmental factors; Good environmental attract people
to move in that area for doing different activities such as agriculture and
trade, example of environmental condition can be explained in;
-Climate
-Soils; Areas with fertile soils are
suitable for agriculture, thus attracts people to move to those areas. For
example, the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro and the Usangu valley in Mbeya have
fertile soils that motivate people to move or go to those areas for
agricultural purposes.
-Relief; Area with gentle slope is
suitable for people living than area with steep slope because gentle slope is
suitable for settlement
-
Natural resources; resources such as
mining attracts people such as Merarni Arusha
4.
biological factor; Areas free from pests and diseases like malaria and cholera
attract people to live in that area
3. Political factors; Political instability, like civil
wars cause people to migrate for example, like that of Rwanda and Burundi has
resulted to influx of refugees in East African countries where they are safe.
4. Natural factors. Natural disasters, Epidemic
diseases, floods, earthquakes, drought may cause people to migrate to better
areas where it is safe.
Classification of migration
There are two types of migration
a. Internal
migration
b. External
migration
Internal migration is the movement of people within
the country without crossing international boundaries.
Types of internal migration
a.
Rural
to urban migration
b.
Urban
to rural migration
c.
Rural
to rural migration
d.
Urban
to urban migration
Rural to Urban migration is the movement of people from
rural area to urban especially young and energetic people.
Causes of rural to urban migration
i.
Presence
of better health service
ii.
Education
iii.
Employment
opportunity
iv.
Trade
activities
v.
Clean
and safe Water supply
Negative impact of rural to urban
migration (area of origin)
i.
Decline
of agriculture activities
ii.
lack
of man power
iii.
separation
of family
iv.
poor
utilization of resources
positive impact of rural to urban
migration (area of destination)
i.
it
stimulates market growth
ii.
increase
supply of labours
iii.
development
of technology
iv.
it
stimulates development of industries
negative impact of rural to urban
migration (area of destination)
i.
environmental
pollution
ii.
scarcity
of employment opportunity
iii.
increase
of crime
iv.
corruption
v.
increase
of burden for provision of social services
Urban- to rural migration is the movement of people from
urban to rural area.
-This
is common to retired and unskilled people from urban
-
It occurs most in developed countries
Causes of urban to rural migration
i.
They
avoid air and noise pollution
ii.
Lack
of job opportunity in urban
iii.
Lack
of space in town to locate industries
iv.
Criminal
act in town; people moves from town because of insecurity
v.
Voluntary
willing. Mostly retired people moves from urban to rural for resting after
working for a long period of time
Negative impact of urban to rural migration
(destination area)
i.
Land
conflicts with residents in rural area
ii.
Increase
of land and house price.
iii.
It
causes land degradation and deforestation
iv.
Decline
of agriculture; this is caused by interaction of different people from urban
v.
Decline
of agriculture activities; since most of arable land turned into residential
area.
vi.
Environmental
pollution, such as air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution.
vii.
Prostitution
viii.
Corruption
ix.
Drug
abuse
x.
Robbery
Negative impact of urban to rural
migration (origin area)
i.
It
reduces labour force
ii.
It
affects the market of selling and buying products and services
Positive impact of urban to rural
migration (destination area)
i.
Development
of technology
ii.
Supply
of labour force in rural area. For example Kilombero, Dakawa and Ifakara
iii.
It
stimulates market growth
Positive impact of urban to rural
migration (origin area)
i.
It
reduces population pressure in urban
ii.
It
helps for environmental conservation.
iii.
It
reduces the burden faces the government in provision of social services
iv.
It
reduces number of beggars and street children
Rural-rural migration is the movement of people from one
rural area to another.
Causes of rural to rural migration
i.
Employment
opportunity
ii.
Fertile
land
iii.
Good
transport and communication
iv.
Area
with peace and harmony
v.
Good
health services provision
vi.
Education
vii.
Electric
supply
Negative impact of rural to rural migration (a
place of origin)
i.
It
reduces labour force
ii.
It
reduces the income in the area
iii.
It
leads to decline of agriculture activities
iv.
it
leads to food scarcity
Negative impact of rural to rural
migration (a place of destination)
i.
shortage
of social services
ii.
it
leads to environmental pollution
iii.
shortage
of job opportunity
iv.
increase
of crime
v.
increase
number of beggars
vi.
Land
conflicts
Positive impact of rural to rural
migration (a place of destination)
i.
It
adds labour and market for good and services produced
ii.
It
enhances social interaction between ethnic groups, such as intermarriage.
Positive impact of rural to rural
migration (a place of origin)
i.
Sending
money back at home.
ii.
It
reduces pressure to resources
iii.
It
helps people to come back with knowledge at home
Rural-rural
migration is the
movement of people from one rural area to another.
Causes
of rural to rural migration
i.
Employment
opportunity
ii.
Fertile
land
iii.
Good
transport and communication
iv.
Area
with peace and harmony
v.
Good
health services provision
vi.
Education
vii.
Electric
supply
Negative
impact of rural to rural migration (a place of origin)
- It reduces labour force
- It reduces the income in the
area
- It leads to decline of
agriculture activities
- it leads to food scarcity
Negative
impact of rural to rural migration (a place of destination)
- shortage of social services
- it leads to environmental
pollution
- shortage of job opportunity
- increase of crime
- increase number of beggars
- Land conflicts
Positive
impact of rural to rural migration (a place of destination)
i.
It
adds labour and market for good and services produced
ii.
It
enhances social interaction between ethnic groups, such as intermarriage.
Positive
impact of rural to rural migration (a place of origin)
- Sending money back at home.
- It reduces pressure to
resources
- It helps people to come back
with knowledge at home
International migration
International migration is the movement of
people crossing of national or international boundaries and change of residence
for any period longer than six (6) months.
International
migration can be categorised into immigration and emigration.
Emigration refers to the act of a person
leaving one’s own country to go and live in another country. Such a person is
called an emigrant.
Immigration is the act of a person coming into
a foreign country to stay. Such a person is called an immigrant.
Causes of international migration
i.
Economic
factors for example trade and employment opportunity
ii.
Social factors, for example better provision
of health service
iii.
political
factors, for example area with political stability experience immigrants than
area with political instability
iv.
Biological
factors. For example, area absence of pest and disease has high number of
immigrants than area with experience pest and disease such as malaria
Negative effect of international
migration (area of origin)
i.
Depopulation
ii.
labour shortage
iii.
drain
of skills (brain drain) and technology
iv.
Poor
exploitation and utilization of resources.
v.
There can also be a decline in the production
process due to underutilisation of resources, resulting in increasing
poverty,
vi.
low
life expectancy. This is caused by poor health service and shortage of food due
to poor production.
Positive consequences of
international migration in the origin countries
i.
It
solves the problem of high population. The government can decide to move people
from densely areas to sparsely populated areas by establishing resettlement
schemes or villages in other areas with low population.
ii.
Planned
migration can facilitate the provision of services and labour mobilisation. The
mobilised labour can make full utilisation of the resources available such as
land for the development of various economic opportunities, including the
establishment of industries.
iii.
It
helps to conserve environment
iv.
It
helps to reduce unemployment rate
Negative consequences of
international migration in the destination
i.
It
leads increasing pressure on limited resources and social services such as
medical services, education, and markets.
ii.
low
life expectancy can follow.
iii.
Increase in crime killings
iv.
Drug
abuse
v.
Prostitution
vi.
Spread
of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola and Covid-19;
vii.
Environmental
degradation due to over-exploitation of resources and poor environmental
management
viii.
Inadequate
economic and social services such as medical services, markets, and poor
housing.
ix.
Transport
problems due to congestion, and traffic jams,
x.
Occurrence
of uncontrolled informal sectors such as food vending, wood carvings, kiosks and
drug and human trafficking
xi.
Increase
in the number of beggars and street children
Positive consequences of international
migration in the destination
i.
Population
migration promotes the supply of labour for exploiting or harnessing idle
resources such as minerals, land, and water bodies.
ii.
Spread
of technology; People who migrate possess different skills in various technologies
iii.
It
leads to utilization of local resources. For example, minerals and arable land
iv.
Expansion
of markets of local goods
EFFECTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
The
effect of population change is quite varied. Population change affects both the
individuals as well as the nations at large. The effect can be positive or
negative.
Effect on
the individual
A high fertility rate results in a large
number of children that a family has to look after.
Migration
has its own effects on individuals in the number of ways.
i.
Some
individuals may change their life styles by becoming more sophisticated. This
happens after gaining more skills and exposure to more sophisticated lifestyles
where the individual migrated to.
ii.
Some
individuals after migrating to urban areas and getting jobs, may take a much
longer time to get married.
iii.
When
spouses are separated for long periods of time, this may lead to break up of
marriages. Either spouse may engage in extra marital relationships during the
period of absence of the partner.
iv.
Some
individuals who migrate to urban areas lose their cultural values and this lead
to immorality. Some turn to crime.
Effects
of population change in a nation
Over
population is a situation where by a region or country has such a high
population that it cannot be supported fully due to a strain on the available
resources. In such a situation, many people live in object poverty.
Effects
of over population
i.
Over
population also leads to unemployment or even under development of a nation or
even under employment.
ii.
Over
population lead to poor housing and health facilities because demand for these
facilities is far greater than the supply.
iii.
A
large population increases the demand for food. This demand reduces the
production of cash crops while increasing production of food crops.
iv.
Increase
of unemployment rate
v.
Increase
of crimes
vi.
Spread
of disease
vii.
Increase
of corruption
viii.
Increase
number of street children
Under
population this is the situation where by there are too few people compared to
available resources. Here resources available are not fully used (not utilized)
because of few people in the area.
Effect
of under population
i.
It
leads to underutilization of resources. Agricultural resources are
underutilized because of shortage of land and traditional land tenure systems
which hinder modernization of agriculture.
ii.
It
may lead to slow industrial growth because of shortage of skilled labor.
Although there is a large labor force, it is largely unskilled.
Population
structure is the composition of a population as determined by the
proportion of males and females in each age group.
Population structured is usually
illustrated by population pyramid.
Population
pyramids are graphic representations of the age and sex characteristics of
specific population.
For example, population pyramid of
developing countries shows wide base which means there are many children than
elders while population pyramid of developed countries shows wide top base but
narrow base shows low fertility rate.
-
Population pyramid have males on the left hand
and female on the right hand side
-
There is vertical line in the middle that
separates male and female
Types
of population pyramid
i.
Expansive population pyramid
ii.
Constrictive population pyramid
iii.
Stationary population pyramid
i.
Expansive
population pyramid
-It shows high number of percentage in
younger age group.
-It characterised by broad base and narrow
top
- It characterised by high birth rate
- The upper age decrease of high death rate
due to poor social services provisions.
- Mostly found in developing countries such
as Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, Angola, Mali and Mozambiques.
-This population shows rapid population
growth and high death rate.
ii.
Constrictive population pyramid
-It depicts lower percentages of young aged
people
- it shows area with low fertility rate and
high level of social and economic development.
- It consists of may elders and narrow the
base
- It ussualy found in developed country
such as United Kingdom, United states of America, Japan, Norway and Denmark.
iii.
Stationary
population pyramid
-
It reflects the population of developed country
whose age group have almost equal percentage from its lower parts of the young
to the upper part of older citizens
-
There is neither increase or decrease of
population bit also involves immigration.
-
For example of countries are Scandinavia and
Austria.
Population
structure is important since it provides information on age and sex
distribution of a population of a place. It can also highlight the extent of
development of the population. The population structure can inform the planning
for employment patterns as well as public expenditure. Moreover, it can be used
to calculate sex and dependency ratios as described below:
Sex
Ratio (SR): This refers to the number of males per 100 females in a given
population.
It is obtained by dividing the number of
males by the number of females.
SR=
For
example,
number of males = 1600
number
of females= 2100
SR =
=
76
The result shows that there were less males
than females
-
Sex
ratio below 100 indicates there is high number of female than males
-
Factors
influence sex ratio in developing countries are death rate, birth rate and
migration.
Dependency ratio; This
refers to the ratio of people in the non-working ages to those in the working
ages. Dependency ratio is, therefore, the ratio of dependants (people younger
than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population (15-64). The
non-working group is unable to meet their own basic needs (food, shelter and
cloth). The working group, thus, has to support the non-working group, which is
either the population of young or old people.
DR =
For
example,
Children
age under 15 = 41,650
Aged
people over 65 = 6800
The
total population = 85,000
Solution
(a)
add number of child and aged people
41,650+6800
=
48450
(b)
minus number of non-workers to total population
85,000-48450
=
36550
(c)
apply the formula
DR =
=
133
There
is high dependant ratio to compare with number of developed country which is
below 30
Important things to consider when
constructing population pyramids
i.Bars
are drawn horizontally one above the other
ii. The length of the bar corresponds
to the size of the aged group
iii.The
age group may be presented in 5 years group and scales of horizontal bar should
be paced
iv.The
young group forms the base of the pyramid
v.Males
are placed on the left while female are placed on the right
vi.Horizontal
bars are presented by either percentage or absolute numbers
vii. Use a graph paper
viii.Roughly
the length of horizontal baseline should be approximately be equal to the
length of vertical central axis
ix.Use
the data given starting from the lowest to the highest age group
x.Shade
male and female bars using distinct colours and put head on top of it
Find
population pyramid of Arusha
PUPULATION PYRAMID OF ARUSHA
SCALE
H.S:1cm = 2%
V.S : 1cm = 10 years
3.4:
Population data
Concepts
from this subtopic
a.
Explain
source of population data
b.
Interpret
population data
c.
Explain
the uses of population data
Population data refers to economic, social
and demographic information of the population.
Source
of population data
i.
Primary
source
ii.
Secondary
source
Primary source of data; These are first hand data
collection from the field. For example, Census and Sample Survey.
Census refers to the process of
collecting, compiling, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and
social data of all people in a country within specified time.
-
For
example, Tanzania population census held after 10 years.
-
Tanzania
census population was taken 1978, 1988, 2002, 2012 and 2022
Characteristics of population
census
i.
Universality
-
Census
covers the whole country or territory and all people residing in the country
and those who are outside
ii.
Periodicity
-
Census
must be taken at regular interval. For example, either five years or ten years
-
Census
held after five years is called Quinquennial
census
-
Census held after 10 years is called Decennial census
-
in Tanzania population census is taken after 10
years that is referred as decennial
iii.
Specificity
iv.
Simultaneity
v.
Individual
enumeration of all people
Types of census
i.
De
jure
ii.
De
facto
De jure this type of census allows
counting people according to their place of residence.
-
permanent
members of household are enumerated in that day.
-
It
treats people as static and not dynamic
-
All
people with legal emigrants such as ambassadors, co- workers and other going
for studying outside are enumerated.
De facto this type of census allows people to be counted
wherever they are on the day of enumeration.
-
It
counts all people found who stayed to household during the night if enumeration
regardless of whether they are permanent or not.
-
It
is challenged by those non-citizen people can be counted as citizen of the
country
-
Also
people who are out of the country cannot be counted in census record of that
year.
Stages in conducting census
i.
First
stage
States the purpose of the census
ii.
Second
stage
Involves data collection by making
direct contact with residents
iii.
Third
stage
Involves processing, analyzing,
production, publication and distribution of data.
Importance of census to a country
i.
It
provides complete account of all people in a country
ii.
It
helps to number of educated and non-educated people
iii.
It
helps to know the nature of man power available
iv.
It
helps to provide decision for planning in distribution of services
v.
It
helps to determine number of taxable adults to estimate revenue of a country
vi.
It
helps to determine living standard of the people
Challenges of population census
i.
Census
is expensive
ii.
Missing
of important information. Especially those absent during enumeration
iii.
Risk
of miss reporting of information. Such as number of employee and educated
iv.
Remoteness
of some place. Some areas have obstacles such as poor roads, wild animals,
rivers and mountain
v.
Providing
wrong information.
Secondary source of population data
Refers
to the second hand information collected from published documents and statistical
data obtained from libraries and demographic resource centres. Example of
secondary data is Vital registration
Vitals
registration is systems deals with records of Vitals events such as births,
deaths, marriages, divorces and migrations.
-
In Tanzania, we have the Registration Insolvency
and Trusteeship Agency (RITA) and the Immigration Department. These are
institutions with mandates of registering Vitals information
-
Vitals registration systems also deal with the
production of birth and death certificates, passports, identification cards
(ID), work permits, residence qualifications and citizenship.
Uses of Vital statistics
i.
It
shows how the dynamic population is.
ii.
It
helps the government to plan for provision of services. Such as hospital
iii.
It
provides insight for family issues. Such as divorce and marital status
Interpretation of population data
-
The data collected using all these methods are
called raw data.
-
These data cannot be used for any significant
purposes as they have not been processed, analysed, interpreted and documented.
-
Therefore,
those data can be presented as follows
a.
The population data can be presented in form of
tables or graphs showing age groups and the number of males and females.
b.
Data can be presented to show whether the population
is in rural or urban areas.
c.
Also anaylse the level of developmet in a city
or village.
Uses
of population data
i.
Decision-makers use population data as a basis
for formulating policies in various fields. Such as education, health, housing,
development, transport and communication and other services.
ii.
It needed in channeling budgets to the local
authority
iii.
It used in conducting research. Especially for
the purpose of acquiring commercial information to serve as a basis for market
research, assessment of demand for products, services and supply of personnel.
iv.
It used to know the number of employment rate in
a country
v.
It used to young generation to choose
appropriate market course for studying
vi.
It used to number of illiterate and literary
people
vii.
It used to measure the rate of poverty in the
country
3.5: Population problems or issues
Concepts
from this sub topic
a.
Analyse
population problems
b.
Analyse
the effect of population changes to on economic growth, labour, human needs and
investment and suggest possible solution
Population problems or issues
i.
Unemployment and dependent rate
This
is a serious problem in most of the developing countries where the active
working population exceeds employment opportunities available. As a result,
many youths are unemployed
ii.
Natural hazards
Such
natural hazards include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and
storms, especially, in poor countries with denser population, such as
Bangladesh, the natural hazards become so severe.
iii.
Congestion
High
population density can create a problem of congestion in the streets,
hospitals, markets, schools and transport because of poor infrastructures and
excessive use of private cars that lead to traffic jams during picking hours
iv.
Shortage of food resources
The more people increase the high
demands of food in community which lead to limited availability of food in
community
v.
Shortage of social services
Due to increase number of people
there are limited provision of social services like education, health and
transportation.
vi.
Increase of crime
As
a result of unemployment, incidences of crime increase. For example, in areas
with high population density, robbery, theft, drug abuse and killings are
common. For example, Dar es salaam
vii.
Decline of life expectance
The
life-span declines because of problems such as poor health services and poor
nutrition. Ignorance of people, poor sanitary conditions and lack of financial
resources also contribute to the decline of the life-span
viii.
Ageing population
In
developed countries, birth and death rates are slightly low. This implies that
the number of young people compared to old people is relatively small. Another
implication is that there is high life expectancy
ix.
Environmental pollution;
As
people struggle to use the little resources available to meet their basic
needs, they also generate waste. The waste, which people produce, needs proper
management. If not properly disposed of or recycled, waste can lead to
pollution and attract organisms such as bacteria, which are harmful to human
health.
x.
Emigration
and immigration
People
migrate from areas with high population to areas with low population density
where there is no pressure on resources. For example, some people move from the
Southern foots of Mount Kilimanjaro to other parts of Tanzania such as Morogoro
and Tanga. Emigration reduces the labour force in the place of origin whereas
immigration increases the demand for social services in the areas of
destination
xi.
Population
pressure
Too
many people in a place create pressure on resources. For example, high
population may cause land competition, over utilization and over exploitation
of non-renewable resources. Resource conflicts create an insecure atmosphere
for a society to live.
Measures
to address population issues or problems
i.
Use
alternative source of energy. For example, Gas and electric cooker
ii.
To control rapid urbanization. Through managing
rural to urban migration through ensuring better services in rural area
iii.
Creating more income opportunity in rural and
urban area
iv.
Improvement of agriculture activities.
v.
Provision
of education. Especially in family planning and nutrition
vi.
Importation
of skilled labour from other countries. Especially those countries faced by
ageing population
vii.
To
develop infrastructure. For example roads, railways and airport.
Effect of population changes to on
economic growth, labour, human needs and investment
i.
Increase
of market. Due to increase number of people influences the presence of market
due to increase demands of goods
ii.
Intensify
availability of labour to the country
iii.
Enhance
development of technology. Through migration people come with new knowledge
that can be applied in a country
iv.
It
promotes government revenues. Especially investors from other countries are
paying taxes that adding revenues
v.
Growth
of industries. Through labour supply and enough people for market.
vi.
Growth
of town and cities. For example Dar es salaam.
Sample of questions
1. Discuss how population pressure affects
environmental resources in your area. Suggest measures to solve this problem.
3.6: Population policy
Concepts
from this sub topic
i.
Meaning
of population policy
ii.
Compare
the national population policy on family planning strategies in Tanzania to the
population policies in other countries.
Meaning of population policy
Population policy refers to the statement law or
regulations enacted to some demographic goals.
-
A population policy provides guidelines aimed to
strengthen the process of integrating population variables in the preparation
and implementation of socio-economic development plans.
-
The policy considers the relationship between
population and development as well as its impact on environmental conditions.
A
population policy divided into two categories
i.
Explicit population policy
ii.
Implicit population policy
Explicit
population policy y refers to a document or clear statement issued by the
government and its commissions, which spells out its rationale, objectives,
goals, target policy programmes and implementation plan.
-
The main intention of issuing the policy is to
control population growth and raise the people's standard of living in the
country.
-
Explicitly, laws are well-stipulated and
strictly reinforced. This type of policy is practised in China, Sweden and
England.
Implicit
population policy
These are laws, regulations or statements
which may have indirect effect on population growth.
-
Whether the policy is explicit or implicit, it
has the ultimate aim of influencing a country’s population size, composition,
distribution and growth.
Tanzania's
Population Policy In Tanzania
-
The National Population Policy was adopted in
1992 and was followed by programme implementation in 1995.
-
The National Population Policy was reviewed in
2006. The main objective of the policy was to reinforce national development by
developing the resources available to improve the quality of life of its
people.
-
Special emphasis is placed on regulating the
population growth rate, enhancing population quality and improving the health
and welfare of women and children.
-
The primary concerns of the National Population
Policy are how to safeguard the interest of the people and the satisfaction of
the basic needs and bring socio-economic progress.
Goals
of Tanzania's national population policy
i.
Sustainable development and eradication of
poverty
ii.
Improved availability and accessibility of
high-quality social services
iii.
Attainment of gender equity, equality, women
empowerment, social justice and development for all individuals; and
iv.
Harmonious interrelationships among the
population, resource utilisation and the environment.
National
Population Policy and family planning
With specific reference to family planning,
the goals of the policy are
i.
To strengthen Family planning services
ii.
Promote health and welfare of the family, the
community and the nation,
iii. Reduce
the high population growth rate.
population
regulation includes making family planning services available to all,
encouraging child spacing of at least two years, and supporting family life
education programmes for youths and family planning for men and women. In
Tanzania, both governmental and non-governmental organisations under the
co-ordination of the Family Planning Unit (FPU) in the Ministry of Health,
Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC) provide family
planning services
Strategies
to population policy in Tanzania
To achieve the policy objective, the
government intends to integrate population variables in development planning.
Population variables include age, sex, education, migration, fertility level,
life expectancy and mortality.
Some
of the government strategies include
i.
creating mass awareness on the relationship
between population, resources, environment, poverty eradication and sustainable
development.
ii.
The government promotes non-agricultural
production in rural areas, for example, lumbering and fishing
iii.
Encourages the private sectors and the local
community to be actively involved in initiating.
iv.
The government implements and finances
population programmes in addition to building the capacity of planners at
district, regional and national levels in mainstreaming population issues in
development plans with a gender perspective
v.
Creating an environment that will attract
investors
vi.
promote self-employment opportunities in the
informal sector,
vii.
Provide labour market information to employers
and job seekers, foster labour for intensive industrial development and promote
viable family formation while ensuring gender equality.
In groups, read the
Tanzania's National Population Policy and then discuss its achievements,
constraints and limitations.
Population
policy in China
-
China is the most populous country in the world.
-
Out of five people living on planet Earth, one
is a Chinese.
-
This large population suffered from diseases,
drought, low income, poverty, poor living conditions and high levels of
emigration.
-
To solve these problems, the government of China
had to come up with a policy which was meant to deal with population growth.
-
Thus, in 1979, the anti-natalist one child per
family policy was introduced by government aiming at reducing natural increase
of population to zero by the year 2020 and hence avoid the population growth
beyond 1200 million people.
Incentives to china population policy
i.
The government aimed at providing the citizens
with free education, better housing, pension and family benefits. To enforce
the policy, the families which had a second child could not have these
benefits.
ii.
They also faced fines of up to 15% of the family
income and women who had second pregnancy were forced to abort.
iii.
marriage was set to 22 years for males and 20
years for females. People intending to marry were required to apply for
permission from the state and as well as when they intended to have a child.
Population
policy in German
Population policy in German it is an example
of the place where birth control was practiced resulting in very low population
growth The current existing observation shows that Germans are not eager to
have large families due to life expenses, which gives the following
results
•
Lead
to very low population
•
The
population consist more of old people and very low number of youth
•
Sharp
decrease of labour force due to ageing population
PRINCIPLE TO GUIDE POLICY
IMPLEMENTATION
i.Consideration of regional and
district variation with regard to the level of socio-economic development
ii.Adherence to the development vision
which among other things emphasize the role of the market in determining
resources allocation and uses
iii.Continued democratization of the
political system with its intended political pluralism as symbolized in the
emergence of various political parties or actors and mushroom of independent
mass media
iv.Thrift exploitation of the
country‘s non-renewable resources taking consideration the needs of future
generations.
v.Recognition and appreciation of the
central role of the government, NGOs, private sector communities and
individuals in population and development.
Justification of population policy
This
policy takes cognizance of the achievement, constraint and limitation of
implementing post population policies as well as new development and continuing
challenges.
ACHIEVEMENTS
The achievement of both implicit
and explicit population policies includes the followings:
i
Considerable
awareness of population issues particularly those related to reproductive
health and child survival by the masses of the people for example fertility,
infant and child mortality has decline overtime
ii
Adoption
of an explicit population policy in 1992, which recognized the links and
interrelationship between population, resources, the environment and
development.
iii
Expansion
and /or introduction of population studies in institutions of higher learning
in the country
iv
Increased
number and capacity of NGOs engaged in population related activities including
advocacy and social mobilization, service delivery and capacity building.
v
High
knowledge and use of contraceptive methods among both men and women and male
involvement in family planning which has increased contraceptive prevalence
from about 10 in 1980s to 16 in 1996. Comparison of the National Population
policy on Family Planning Strategies in Tanzania to the population policies of
other countries
vi
Tanzania
is not the only country which has adopted a population policy. In the 1950's,
China was overpopulated and in 1952 it became the first country to introduce a
population policy. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and launched
its first population policy in 1988.
Sample of questions
1. Compare
the family planning strategies in the Tanzania National Population Policy with
the strategies in the policies of other countries such as Nigeria and China.
Present your findings in class.
2. "The
population distribution in Tanzania is uneven." Elaborate this statement
by using five points.
3. "Migration
in a country can be either an asset or liability." Verify this statement
by using five points.
4. "Some
societies believe that having a large number of children in a family is a
source of labour force." Argue against this statement by using six points.
5. By
using six points, describe how rapid population growth affects the environment
of a place.
6. By
using six points, explain why rural-urban migration is strictly discouraged by
the Government of Tanzania.
7. "Ageing
population in developed countries is considered as a curse phenomenon."
Explain five reasons behind this statement.
8. Highlight
any five population issues affecting the development of any developing country
of your choice.
9. "Migration
is caused by both pull-and-push factors." Justify the statement by using
six points. 9. Describe five effects of population change on an individual and
the nation.
10. With
five reasons, explain why Dar es Salaam is highly populated in Tanzania?
