GLOBALIZATION | Form four topic
GLOBALIZATION| Form four topic
Concept of Globalization
Globalization refers to the increasing process of connectivity and interdependence of the people in the world through economic, social, cultural and political components in the world. Globalization always involves the interaction of the people, companies and even governments of different nations and make world as a global village. Globalization has become a worldwide system because it integrates people across their national borders, making the world operates as a village. Nowadays, those events that always take place in Europe and America are witnessed by the people in Africa, for example the football match that take place in Europe such English Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga French League 1 etc are watched in Africa. So through globalization the world becomes small area because it is possible to get information of the events that happen other parts of the world through mobile phones, television etc
Driving forces of globalization
i. Advancement of
science and technology. The development of science and technology has
enabled the technologists to design and innovate many things like machines
which simplify human activities.
It marked the initial stage of
integration between Africa and the external world ii. Advancement of education. Education has contributed much to the
development of science and technology and integration from the distant areas.
Advancement of education marked intensive integration of people in
universities, colleges and internal educational conferences. Through these
interaction people adopt some culture from other people.
iii.
Social
liberalization. Social liberalization is widely spreading due to the
advancement of information and communication technologies. The availability of
modern communication devices like Tv, modern mobile phones (smartphones),
computers (desk top and laptop) simplified the communication between people in
the world through international network (internet)
iv.
Political
liberalization. Politically, the integration of politics in the global
scale has fostered the development of globalization. Previously, politics have
been undertaken within national political system, but due to globalization, the
national governments have ultimately responsible for maintaining the security
and economic welfare of their citizens as well as protection of human rights.
Nowadays in most African countries which conduct general election there are the
presence of external supervisors to watch the process of election if it was
conducted free and fair environment.
All these are the driving force for globalization
v.
Resource
and markets. Natural resources such as minerals, natural gas and crude oil
make the important contribution in globalization. Many government in Africa,
are signed the contract with developed countries to export the natural
resources. Example the construction of pipe oil from Hoima in Uganda to
Chongoleani, Tanga Tanzania is the good example of driving force for
globalization
Aspects of globalization
Globalization as an economic, political and
social phenomena is associated with the following major aspects;
i.
Information
and communication technology. Advancement of information and communication
technology is one among feature of globalization. This sector has extended
drastically within the last few years. People witness global distribution of
media images through computers, radio (home theater) mobile phones (smart
phones) etc. All these brought the modern communication technologies
ii.
Movement
of people. There has been the increasing of the movement of people from one
country to another. The development of air transport enable people such as
tourists, business men, scholars immigrant refugees to move from one continent
to another and make the world interconnectedness
iii.
Free
Market economy. Globalization has brought the international political
economy through international financial institution policies and international
trade. In the free market economy system, there is little government
interference in the process of buying and selling of goods and services
iv.
Spread of
ideas and ideology. Spread of knowledge ideas, information and ideologies
have been integral aspects of globalization. Direct foreign investment bring
new skills in the global social, political and economic policies
v.
Finance.
There is the global flow of money often driven by interconnected currency. In
foreign purchasing power depend on US dollar. The flow of money is also
facilitated by the international monetary fund (IMF) and the world bank.
Nowadays the foreign money exchange (FOREX) become the big deal in the
different country in the world
vi.
The rise of intellectual properties. The
items like compact disc (CD) flash, memory cards and other properties may
resulted from globalization.
Players of globalization
There are various organs that facilitates
the globalization process in the world. However the key players are three,
namely, World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
World Bank (WB)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
This organization was established on 1st January 1995 and was
given the task to deal with the rules of the trade between the nations. It is
the permanent organization with judicial powers to rule on international
disputes. Also it administers rule of international trade agreed by its member
countries. The headquarter of this organization is at Geneva, Switzerland. WTO
took the function of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) which
was formed in order to reduce the trade barriers among the nations after the
second world war. So WTO was formed to ensure that, there is no any trade
restriction, there are trade negotiation and solve the disputes in the trade
between the nations.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
This is the international financial
institution in the world which was formed on 27th December 1945. Its headquarter is at
Washington DC in USA. It was formed in order to perform the following function;
Ø
Promoting international cooperation on
international monetary issues among the nations
Ø
Facilitating the balance growth of trade and
collaboration
Ø
Sustain the growth of economy in the world
Ø
Promote high employment opportunity band real
incomes
Ø
Eliminating foreign exchange restrictions that
prevent the growth of world trade
World Bank (WB)
World Bank is the multilateral financial
agency in the world tied to the United Nations and it was established on 1945.
It was owned by the member governments who exercise their directions through a
board of governor, consisting of one governor for each of 185 member countries.
Historically, the World Bank was intended to rebuild the Europe after the
Second World War when the European nations were totally destroyed after the
war. Today, the World Bank has sharpened its focus on the poverty alleviation
especially in the third world countries as the overarching goal of all its work
The World Bank is divided into two lending
and development institutions which are International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
IBRD focuses on the middle-income and credit worthy poor countries, while IDA
focuses on the lowest- income and least credit worthy countries. The World bank
provides loans and grants to the developing countries for various projects like
improving infrastructures, combating against diseases etc
Both World Bank and IMF provide loans and
credit to the third world countries through, the conditions put forward which
are known as Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP)
Structural Adjustment Programs are economic
policies which were put forward by the World Bank and IMF which countries must
follow in order for the developing countries to qualify for a loan.
SAPs encourage countries to focus on the
production and export of primary commodities such as sisals, cocoa, coffee etc
to earn foreign exchange. But these commodities of course have erratic prices
due to some obstacles in global markets which can depress prices just when
countries have invested in these so called cash crops
Terms and Conditions of SAPs for Developing Countries
i.
To devaluate their currencies against US Dollar
(USD). Currency devaluation makes products from developing countries cheaper
for the foreign market, while foreign import remain expensive
ii.
To balance their national budgets by reducing
government expenditure
iii.
To restructure foreign debts. The debts
restructuring process involves getting lenders to agree to reduce interest
rates on loans or to extend repayment dates iv. To cut the size of civil service
and introduce cost sharing in social services delivery
v. To privatize all state-owned enterprises. This targeted to reduce
burden of government in running
Parastatals vi. To improve their
anti-corruption strategies especially by setting up anti-corruption bureaus.
This intended to promote responsibility, accountability in the side of
government.
Achievement of SAPs
i.
Raising living standards. SAPs have enabled
countries to privatize their state-owned enterprises and service delivery
system. This raise standard of living through improved accessibility of social
services
ii.
Creation of employment opportunities. SAPs have
created employment opportunities in developing countries through privatization
and foreign investment
iii.
Increase export of raw materials. SAPs increased
the exporting of raw materials from developing countries to developed
countries. This is facilitated by the increase of the role of private sectors in
economic activities.
iv.
Increase in importation of manufactured
products. Market liberalization has promoted import of essential products from
developed countries
v.
Reduction of government burden in financing
social services. Cost sharing policy encourage introduction of user fee in
social services. This requires citizens to contribute in social services
delivery.
Privatization
Privatization refers to the transfer of
management and ownership of a property or business from public sector to
private sector. Privatization can be achieved by outright sale of assets of
public enterprise or by allowing the private sector to buy some shares in the
states owned enterprise. Privatization is conducted through various modes such
as selling of shares, direct negotiation, public auction marts, public tender
and contracting.
Objectives of Privatization
i.
To improve efficiency and effectiveness in the
public sector through shifting of burden of management of public Parastatals
and firms to private sector
ii.
To reduce or avoid unnecessary government debts
which is caused by inefficient services in state owned enterprises.
iii.
To improve the economy by increasing the
productivity and efficiency of privatized state-owned enterprises
iv.
To create a competitive economy where privatized
state-owned enterprises compete with each other
in the market
v.
To improve and enhance the access to foreign
markets, capital and technology vi. To
promote self-reliance among community members, especially in developing
countries.
Merits of Privatization
i.
Enhancing
performance and productivity. Privatization allows the privatized
enterprise to be more efficient in production. This happens due to the fact
that most of private firms are profit- oriented rather than service oriented.
ii.
Improve
customer services. Unlike public-owned enterprises that focus more on
services, private owned companies tend to focus on profit. They strive to win
customers in competitive markets by providing the best customer services
iii.
Creating
employment opportunities. Private-owned firms have financial ability
through large investments in a wide range of sectors. As a result of these
investments particularly in the industrial sector, the number of employment
opportunities has been increasing and this enables government to generate
revenues through taxes.
iv.
Avoiding
unnecessary political interference. Privatization is driven by profit
making decisions rather than political decisions. This enables the sector to
produce efficiently with the aim of generating profit
v.
Increasing
government revenues. Privatization increases the government income through
tax payment to the government. In addition, the growth of private sector has
led to the improvement of various economic activities with the potential to
contribute in government and telecommunication.
Demerits of Privatizations
i.
Increase of exploitative contracts.
Privatization is associated with the signing of long-term and exploitative
agreements between government and individuals or private firms.
ii.
Fall in agricultural sector. The government
withdrawal from providing agricultural inputs to small scale farmers has led to
a decline in agricultural production and the misuse or abandonment of certain
privatized farms have lead to the decrease in agricultural production.
iii.
Low quality of goods and services. To some
corrupt investors, privatization has intensified attempts to reduce quality of
goods and services by reducing operating costs in order to maximize profit.
iv.
Economic dis-ownership to African countries.
Privatization has been an opportunity to foreigners and side-lined Africans who
own the economy through their government
Trade Liberalization
Trade liberalization refers to the removal
or reduction of restrictions and barriers to cross border flow of economic
activities such as trade and investment. These restriction include tariffs and
non- tariffs barriers such as licensing rules and quotas. Removing or reducing
these barriers has been considered as a sep towards promoting free trade.
Advantages of Trade Liberalization
Stimulate
growth of domestic technology. Producers within Tanzania struggle to
improve technology of production, advertisement and communication in order to
win the market against the importations and conquer foreign markets.
ii.
Reduces
government expenditure. Trade liberalization increase private sector
participation in economic activities and reduces government expenditure on
provision of certain goods and services
iii.
Enhances
economic growth. Trade liberalization increases trade and investments
associated with liberalization due to inflow of capital and investment, hence
increase in growth of economy
iv.
Increases
of efficiency in production. Trade liberalization has increased external
competition. This brings more efficiency in production due to adoption of new
technologies and expertise.
v.
Reduces
price of goods and services. Trade liberalization reduces costs for a
country that traders with other countries and ultimately can lead to lower
consumer prices because imports are subjected to lower restrictions such as tax
and import duties.
vi.
Increase
the flow of goods and services. Trade liberalization promotes free trade
and allows countries to trade goods and services with minimal restrictions
Disadvantages of Trade Liberalization
i.
Decline
of market for local producers. Trade liberalization can negatively affect
local businesses because of intense competition from foreign producers.
ii.
Financial,
environment and social risks. Trade liberalization can cause financial and
social risks if products or raw materials are from countries with environment,
social and financial standard.
iii.
De-industrialization.
Trade liberalization can suppress established industries or lead to the failure
of newly developed industries due to intense competition in the domestic market
created by imported goods.
iv.
Trade
imbalance. This because developing nations are forced to compete in the
same market with powerful nations.
v.
Cultural
deterioration. Trade liberalization encourages movements of people within
and outside the country. this may lead to disappearance of some cultural
values. vi. Decline of domestic
technology. Trade liberalization discourages domestic technology because it
encourages importation of both technology and ready made goods.
Free Market Economy
Free market economy is the state whereby the
economic system is controlled by market forces of demand and supply of goods
and services with limited control or intervention by the government. In this
system the principles of demand and supply of goods and services provide the
basis for voluntary exchange between producers and consumers. Free market
economy has become a major economic system in globalized world. The main goal
of free market economy is to reduce direct government participation and
interference in economic production.
Advantages of Free Market Economy
It
helps to reduce prices of goods and services. Free competition in the
international market usually forces competitors to reduce the prices of their
products to win the customers.
ii.
Promote
economic, political and civil liberties. Free market economy contributes to
economic, political and civil liberties because everyone has the right to
choose what to produce and what to consume
iii.
It
improves creativity and efficiency in production. Free market economy
contributes in improving creativity and efficiency in production which leads to
production of better products and delivery of goods and services
iv.
It
facilitates growth of economy. Free market economy facilitates economic
growth due to the absence of intervention and bureaucratic procedures from the
government, this welcomes foreign direct investments
v.
It
creates employment opportunities. Free market economy contributes in
creating employment opportunities for a large number of people, in large and
small scale companies
Disadvantages of Free Market Economy
i. May cause risk to
the people and environment. Many companies are concerned with making
profits regardless of the damage they cause to the environment, workers and
consumers. Thus this harm the health of people and environment.
ii. May lead to the decline of small scale companies and
businesses.
Free market economy leads to
the decline of small scale companies and
businesses that cannot compete in the global markets. This results in
unemployment and loss of income to some members of the community
iii. It turns
developing countries into dumping place for importation of foreign goods.
Free market economy turns the developing countries into dumping places for
second-hand goods and equipment from developed countries. This hinders creativity
and innovation among people in any developing countries.
Economic Integration
Economic integration is the legal and
political process that comprises agreements between countries aiming at
eliminating trade barriers, harmonizing monetary and fiscal policies and
sharing comparative advantage for mutual benefits so as to fast tract economic
growth. Economic integration sometimes is refers as regional integration or
cooperation that occurs among the neighbouring countries of a given region.
Examples of economic integration in Africa include; East African Community
(EAC), Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA), Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS),
InterGovernmental Authority and Development (IGAD) and Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
Stages and Forms of Economic Integration
Free
trade area. This is initial stage and form of economic integration that
provides more freedom to member states through elimination of trade barriers.
ii.
Customs
union. This is the second stage and form of economic integration in which
goods and services are freely traded among member countries as in the first
stage. In this stage, the member countries formulate common trade policies that
apply to all.
iii.
Common
market. This is the third stage which has similar features as a customs
union. In this stage there is mobility of the aspects of production such as
labour and capital among member states. In addition, immigration restrictions
and cross-border investment are eliminated
iv.
Economic
union. This is another stage which ensures free movement of goods, services
and production aspects as well as integration of economic policies particularly
monetary and fiscal policies. At this stage member states harmonize monetary
policies, taxation and government expenditures. Also at this stage the common
currency can be applied to all member states.
v.
Political
union. This is the last stage in which political federation is formed. At
this stage member states are integrated into a single economic union and
political entity which holds all the political power and authority of all
member countries.
Conditions for a Successful Economic
Integration
i. Reliable
infrastructure. Within and across member stated there should be good and
reliable infrastructures such as roads, railways and communication network that
connect different regions.
This will facilitate transport of goods
from one place to another ii. Political
will and commitment. Successful economic integration requires political
readiness and seriousness in effecting trade agreements among member countries.
This involves harmonizing trade policies, laws, regulations and strategies to
create a friendly environment for trading activities
iii.
Common
language. A common language facilitates communication and exchange of
ideas, experiences and information among the citizens of the member countries.
For example in EAC Kiswahili is a common language and widely spoken by member
states.
iv.
Differentiated
goods and services. Economic Integration should be facilitated by
differentiated goods and services to provide a sense of complementarily in
terms of demand and supply. This means that, goods and services available in
one country can acquire market in other member state and vice versa.
v.
Similar
level of development. In order for economic integration to be successful,
member states must almost be similar in terms of development. For instance, the
EAC is formed by countries with almost similar in terms of development.
vi.
Common
geographical location. Member countries aspiring to succeed in their
economic integration should be located in the same geographical location. This
is important for exploring and sharing experiences and efforts to address
similar geographical threats and trade opportunities.
vii.
Common
currency. This is a necessary condition for successful economic integration
particularly economic union in which member countries harmonize monetary
policies, taxation and government expenditures. This must be effected by the
use of a common currency.
viii.
Political
stability. It is necessary for member countries to have political stability
for a successful economic integration. This is due to the fact that political
stability enhances peace and security, thus makes people feel secure and
effectively engage in trading activities.
Reasons for Economic Integration
i.
Reducing
the cost of the trade. Economic Integration is essential for reducing cost
of trade. This is realized by elimination of tariffs among member countries.
ii.
Increasing
availability of goods and services. Economic integration enhances the
availability of goods and services as a result of free movement of goods and
services among member countries. iii. Improving
market efficiency. Economic integration leads to elimination of trade
barriers and reduces the cost of production. It improves the quality and
quantity of goods as well as market efficiency in the region.
iv.
Exploring
other non-economic gains. Economic integration provides an opportunity for
member countries to explore non-economic opportunities such as cultural
diffusion, intermarriages and exchange of other material culture within the
member countries.
v.
Technological
diffusion. Economic integration promotes technological diffusion. This is
due to the fact that, free movement of goods and services among member
countries can allow technology transfer and adaption in different sectors.
vi.
Creation
of employment opportunities. Economic integration creates employment
opportunities as it promotes free movement of people and labour within member
countries.
Challenges of Economic Integration
i. Barriers
in trade and investment. Economic integration can lead to the increase in
trade barriers and tariffs especially where the member country wants to protect
its strategic sectors of economy. ii. Reduction
of national sovereignty. Economic integration requires member countries to
surrender some degree of control over key policies such as trade, investments,
monetary and fiscal policies. iii. Lack
of coordination and harmonization of economic policies. This has been a
challenge among member countries in some economic integration. The agreements
on the harmonization of some policies are not properly done for effective
implementation by the member countries.
iv.
Inadequacy
of human and Institutional capacities. The inadequacy of human and
institutional capacities among member state has been a great challenge. Some
member countries have inadequate number of well-trained human resources and
inefficient institutions
v.
Multiple
memberships. Majority of member countries face limited administrative and
financial capacities. Therefore, having multiple memberships sometimes creates
conflicting responsibilities. This results into failure of some member
countries to effectively engage in the implementation of agreed policies and
programmes.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Political Effects
A. Positive effects
i.
It created new forms of multilateral and global
politics through various international agencies and organization in the world
ii.
It promotes and speed up the democratic activities.
Many countries in Africa adopt the global democratic principles such as rule of
laws, transparency, multiparty system, accountability etc which are implemented
iii.
It contributed to the formation of strong
political organization in Africa such as AU, EAC,
SADC, ECOWAS etc as a way of minimizing
the negative impacts among the member states iv. It brought important changes
in the international law. Many countries in Africa and the world at large make laws which comply with
the international laws which aimed at avoiding treating its citizens badly
B. Negative effects
i. It created the centralization of political powers to the
biggest nations in the world. The political sovereignty of poor nations
especially in Africa, are accountable to the bigger nations such as
USA, UK ii. It created the global
political disorders and terrorism in the world. Various terrorist attacks are
witnessed in Africa and the world at large due to the global political
conflicts. Examples the bombing of West Gate in Kenya.
iii.
It undermines the efforts made by poor countries
to enhance the cooperation in made from their political organizations. This is
due to the spread of spheres of interests to the region from the biggest
nations as a result countries like Tanzania become more interested in
cooperating with such capitalist nations rather than neighboring countries
iv.
Sometimes globalization with its related
political propaganda like multiparty system may chaos and conflicts in the
country. There are some politicians who have manipulated the agenda of
democracy, hence threaten peace and security in the country
Economic Effects
A. Positive Effects
i.
Effective utilization of the natural resources.
Globalization facilitates free market economy and trade liberalization in the
world. This stimulates much utilization of natural resources such as mining.
There are many companies invested in the natural resources, for instance in
Tanzania many companies invested in the mining like Geita Gold Mining.
ii.
Open door for employment opportunities. In some
instance, globalization created employment opportunities to many people in the
world. Various foreign companies employ people in the different sectors. Also
some people are engaged in self-employment due to the knowledge they have for
example IT technicians who run their business through maintenance of computers’
software and hard ware etc and those who are engaging in showing football games
in television are part of employment resulted from globalization
iii.
It created great impacts in financial market.
Varieties of economies in the world have greataccess to funds since they now
have better access to external borrowing. Trade in national currencies
increased dramatically in the recent past to support the increasing levels of
trade and investment
iv.
It raised the national income of the country.
Through privatization of public sectors and investment by foreign investors,
the national income has increased through taxes paid to the government
v.
Improvement of quality of goods and services.
Through sharing of technology, globalization brought about diversity in the
products and services. It lead to the increase of or flow of products from
abroad to many countries. This is due to the competition of markets created by
the foreign investors who use new technology in the production of goods
B. Negative effects
i. Advancement of technology sometimes may lead to
environmental degradation. The development of technology creates the building
of heavy industries which cause the air pollution.
Also
technological advancement in mining sector threaten the environment ii. It can lead to the introduction of harmful
goods to the markets such as abused drugs, illicit drinks
(alcohol) cosmetics and firearms which
are dangerous to human health iii. It contributes to the stagnant of technology
in the developing countries like Tanzania which become the market of foreign
goods.
iv. The growth of technology cause
unemployment. The advancement of technology cause unemployment because the
discovery of new technology and machines replaced human labor. For instance the
payment of government bills online through Tigopesa, M-Pesa, Airtel Money
reduced some workers to perform the duties resulting to the payment of bills Social
Effects
A. Positive Effects
i.
Globalization has made diffusion of beliefs and
values in international concern. Each community is struggling to achieve those
world cultural standards in respect of human rights and better living standards
ii.
It leads to the spread of education worldwide
due to the technological innovation. Nowadays there are online courses which
are offered with various institutions and organizations in the different
countries in the world
iii.
It lead to the reduction of or total elimination
of negative cultural practices such as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), forced
marriages, widow inheritance and other aspects of gender violence due to the
expansion of the great religious institution which increase the global awareness to the people
iv.
Globalization improves the living standard of
the people. Globalization create the recreation to the people who watch
varieties of games through TV
v.
Increase of international languages such as
English, French, Arabic, Chinese etc which foster the integration of the global
community.
B. Negative Effects
i.
It lead to the increase of moral decay among
most of the youths in many countries like Tanzania. For instance many youths
are engaging in gays and lesbian practices which is totally illegal to the will
of God. Also wearing of trousers and short dressing to the women and
prostitution show the moral decay
ii.
Undermining the African native language like
Kiswahili due to the high values given to the foreign languages in Africa
iii.
Globalization lead the increase of human
trafficking to abroad especially in the Arab countries such as Oman, Saudi
Arabia etc, whereby many youths are going to provide cheap labor but on the
other hand their security is in danger due to the violence made by their
natives
iv.
Globalization swept away the African cultural
boundaries existed before by the use of modern information system. This
situation lead to the destruction of interior cultures of Africa and many
youths have been influenced with the western way of life. For example, the existence
of modern music in Tanzania. In Tanzania, only masai tribe still practice their
culture
Challenges of Globalization
i.
Low level of the use of communication system.
The use of this system in many developing countries like Tanzania is very low
due to the low technology we have
ii.
Low production. In many developing countries
like Tanzania the production in agriculture, mining, industry are low due to
the use of outdated technology. The increase of international trade made
Tanzania buyer rather than manufacturing
its goods iii. Low level of education. In developing countries like Tanzania
the level of education is very low which lead to the fails to meet the
intellectual demands of globalization such as technological skills, managerial
skills, entrepreneurial skills, marketing skills etc. this may result to the
failure to compete in employment opportunities with other countries
iv.
Problem of low saving and investment. Low saving
caused by low income may prolong the vicious cycle of poverty among the people
v.
Low progress in promotion of trade through fair
trade advocacy in world trade organization. The developed countries dominate
and control the world market at the expenses of the developing countries
vi.
Serious racism in many European nations. Some
people from Europe undermine the Africans because they feel as superior than
Africans. This lead to the poor interaction between Africans and Europeans in
some aspects of life
Possible Solutions to the Challenges of Globalization
i.
There must be
creating the policies which focus on the problems solving and lay
strategies to reduce poverty by focusing on provision of social services in the
country
ii.
There must be
the creation of good education policy which will allow many people in the
country to achieve educational skills that will help to cope with the global
development in science and technology
iii.
There should be proper utilization of both human
resources and natural resources so as to boost the economic growth. In many
developing countries like Tanzania there is the shortage of personnel to work
in various sectors. Many expertise tend to seek working post abroad
iv.
There should be prepare conducive environment
for the investors and tourists so as to stabilize the macro economy. Attraction
of investors must go together with conditions which will make many countries
like Tanzania to benefit from foreign investment
v.
There should be the need to strengthen public
services capabilities to deliver services efficiently to the people in the
country
vi.
Fight against corruption should be increased in
order to reduce the burden of government expenditures which sometimes become
beneficial to others
